The Dōmei labor federation promoted labor-management cooperation and workers’ participation in management. These unions believed that by working with management to increase productivity, both the company and the workers could prosper together. This view became predominant in Japanese enterprise unions during the high growth era of the 1960s and 1970s. After the “Oil Shock” of 1973, workers in enterprise unions in large companies worked closely with management to make the production process more efficient, in exchange for long-term job security and good wages and benefits. Increasingly, white collar workers and supervisors made up the unionized labor force in these companies. Traditional “blue-collar” or manual labor jobs were filled by non-unionized contract workers and workers in subcontracting firms. As a result, the percentage of workers in unions has decreased even though the total number of workers has remained fairly stable. Click on CHARTS, below, for more about unionized companies in Japan.